REMOVAL OF THE AERIAL PART OF THE TREE BY CUTTING BACK TO VARYING TRUNK HEIGHTS OR TO GROUND LEVEL.

SUPERDIVISION OF VASCULAR PLANTS CHARACTERISED BY THE PRESENCE OF FLOWER ORGANS, WHICH ALLOW THEM TO REPRODUCE THROUGH THE FORMATION OF SEEDS.

MACHINE USED TO SPREAD SOLID MINERAL FERTILISERS IN GRANULE FORM, OR LESS FREQUENTLY IN CRYSTAL OR POWDER FORM.

MACHINE USED TO DISTRIBUTE LARGE QUANTITIES OF SOLID COARSE MATERIAL SUCH AS MANURE.

Practice entailing the removal of decayed wood from the branches, trunk or stump. it is considered to be completed when healthy wood is reached.

Training shape where the tree is wide in volume and open at the centre, with a canopy consisting of 3–4 irregularly shaped cones.

TRAINING SHAPE CURRENTLY FOUND MOST WIDELY IN NEW ORCHARDS. IT IS SIMILAR TO THE NATURAL SHAPE OF THE OLIVE TREE, INTERCEPTS A LARGE AMOUNT OF RADIANT ENERGY AND EXPOSES THE LEAVES AND FRUITING AREA TO THE LIGHT

TRAINING SHAPE WHICH DIFFERS FROM OTHER VASE SHAPES IN THAT THERE IS NO TRUNK, MERELY A STUMP. THE SKELETON OF THE TREE IS MADE UP OF THREE SCAFFOLD BRANCHES ORIENTED TOWARDS THE ANGLES OF AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE. THE BRANCHES GROW INITIALLY AT AN ANGLE, THEN MORE OR LESS STRAIGHTENING OUT. THE