TRAINING SHAPE IN WHICH THE VEGETATION IS DISTRIBUTED AMONGST SEVERAL WELL-SPACED AXES, WHICH ALLOWS THE TREE TO GROW TO A LARGER VOLUME AND TO INTERCEPT MORE LIGHT.

TRAINING SHAPE VERY SIMILAR TO THE NATURAL GROWTH HABIT OF THE OLIVE TREE. THE TREES ARE BUSHY, HAVE A SHORT TRUNK AND ARE GROWN VERY CLOSELY TOGETHER ALONG THE ROW TO FORM AN UNINTERRUPTED EXPANSE. THIS SHAPE CONTINUES TO BE USED TO FORM WINDBREAKS, NORMALLY USING ERECT GROWING CULTIVARS.

TRAINING SHAPE IN WHICH THE TREE IS GROWN ALONG A FLAT PLANE TO ENSURE GOOD LIGHT PENETRATION AND TO FACILITATE CULTURAL CARE.

MONOCONICAL (OR SPINDLE) TRAINING SHAPE COMPRISING A CENTRAL LEADER AND LATERAL BRANCHES, WHICH ARE SHORTER AT THE TOP OF THE TREE AND LONGER AT THE BOTTOM. THE TRUNK MAY BE SHORT OR LONG DEPENDING ON WHETHER HAND OR MACHINE HARVEST IS INTENDED.

TRAINING SHAPE WHERE TWO OBLIQUE SCAFFOLD BRANCHES GROW IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS FROM A 50–60 CM HIGH TRUNK. EACH BRANCH LIES AT AN ANGLE OF 30° TO VERTICAL AND IS ORIENTED IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS THE WIRE.

Training shape where the canopy is spherical and distributed evenly around 3–5 scaffold branches.

TRAINING SHAPE IN THE FORM OF A CENTRAL LEADER, APPROXIMATELY 3 M IN HEIGHT, COVERED WITH LATERAL BRANCHES OF EQUAL LENGTH WHICH ARE RENEWED CYCLICALLY.

FREE-CANOPY TRAINING SYSTEM DESIGNED TO BRING FORWARD THE START OF CROP BEARING. INSTEAD OF ADOPTING CLEAR GEOMETRIC SHAPES THE TREE IS LEFT TO DEVELOP ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL GROWTH HABIT OF THE SPECIES.